• Minimum Loss Pads

    Geplaatst op door colani Reactie
    For Matching Two Impedances where Z1 > Z2 Matched, use a resistor , RL in series with the smaller
    impedance such that
    If the smaller impedance only is to be matched, use a
    resistor RS in shunt across the larger impedance such that
    Where Only One Impedance is to be Matched
    If the larger impedance only is to be Here also

    Tables of R1 and R 2 Values

    When Z1 is 600 ohms
    and Z2 is less than 600 ohms.

    Z2 500 400 300 250 200 150 100 75 50 40 30 25
    R1 245 346 424 458 490 520 548 561 575 580 585 587
    R2 1,225 694 425 328 245 173 110 80.2 52.2 41.4 30.8 25.6
    db
    Loss    		 3.8 5.7 7.6 8.7 10.0 11.4 13.4 14.8 16.6 17.6 18.9 19.7

    When Z2 is less than 25 ohms,


    and      R2 = Z2         
    Where Z2 is 600 ohms
    and Z1 is greater than 600 ohms.

    Z1 800 1,000 1,200 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 5,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
    R1 400 632 849 1,162 1,673 2,180 2,683 3,186 3,688 4,690 5,692 7,694 9,695
    R2 1,200 949 849 775 717 688 671 659 651 638 633 624 619
    db
    Loss    		 4.8 6.5 7.6 9.0 10.5 11.6 12.5 13.3 13.9 15.0 15.8 17.1 18.1

    When Z1 is greater than 10,000 ohms,

    let  R1 = Z 1 – 300
    and  R1 = 600
     

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  • Constant Impedance Attenuators in Parallel

    Geplaatst op door colani Reactie

    Table of R1 Values in Ohms

    Z Number of Channels
    2 3 4 5 6
    30 10 15 18 20 21.5
    50 16.6 25 30 33.3 35.7
    150 50 75 90 100 107
    200 66.6 100 120 133 143
    250 83.3 125 150 166 179
    500 166 250 300 333 357
    600 200 300 360 400 428
    Network
    db loss    		 6 9.5 12 14 15.5
    Insertion loss
    in db = 20 log10N
    Where ZL = identical line and load impedances;
    and N = number of channels in parallel.

     

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  • Attenuator Networks

    Geplaatst op door colani Reactie

    For Insertion Between Equal Impedances

    For data covering networks between unequal impedances, see Minimum Loss Pads on page 10.
    See also Decibel-Voltage Current and Power Ratio Table on page 6.    See table on page 7 for values of A, B, C, D, E used in the following attenuator network formulas.In case of L and U networks where only the input or output can be matched, as required, the matched side is
    indicated by an arrow pointing toward the pad. On all other networks, input and both the output circuits are matched.

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  • Table of Values for Attenuator Network Formulas

    Geplaatst op door colani Reactie
    db Voltage or Current Ratio B C D E
    0.10 0.98855 0.011447 86.360 0.005756 86.857
    0.20 0.97724 0.022763 42.931 0.011512 43.426
    0.25 0.97163 0.028372 34.247 0.014390 34.739
    0.30 0.96605 0.034046 28.456 0.017268 28.947
    0.40 0.95499 0.045008 21.219 0.023022 21.707
    0.50 0.94406 0.055939 16.876 0.028774 17.362
    0.60 0.93325 0.066745 13.982 0.034525 14.428
    0.70 0.92257 0.077429 11.915 0.040274 12.395
    0.75 0.91728 0.082724 11.088 0.043147 11.567
    0.80 0.91201 0.087989 10.365 0.046019 10.842
    0.90 0.90157 0.098429 9.1596 0.051762 9.6337
    1.00 0.89125 0.108750 8.1955 0.057501 8.6667
    1.50 0.84140 0.158600 5.3050 0.086133 5.7619
    2.00 0.79433 0.205670 3.8621 0.11462 4.3048
    2.50 0.74989 0.250110 2.9983 0.14293 3.4268
    3.00 0.70795 0.292050 2.4240 0.17100 2.8385
    3.50 0.66834 0.331660 2.0152 0.19879 2.4158
    4.00 0.63096 0.369040 1.7097 0.22627 2.0966
    4.50 0.59566 0.404340 1.4732 0.25340 1.8465
    5.00 0.56234 0.437660 1.2849 0.28013 1.6448
    6.00 0.50119 0.498810 1.0048 0.33228 1.3386
    7.00 0.44668 0.553320 0.80728 0.38247 1.1160
    7.50 0.42170 0.578300 0.72920 0.40677 1.0258
    8.00 0.39811 0.601890 0.66143 0.43051 0.94617
    9.00 0.35481 0.645190 0.54994 0.47622 0.81183
    10.00 0.31623 0.683770 0.46248 0.51949 0.70273
    11.00 0.28184 0.718160 0.39244 0.56026 0.61231
    12.00 0.25119 0.748810 0.33545 0.59848 0.53621
    12.50 0.23714 0.762860 0.31085 0.61664 0.50253
    13.00 0.22387 0.776130 0.28845 0.63416 0.47137
    14.00 0.19953 0.800470 0.24926 0.66732 0.41560
    15.00 0.17783 0.822170 0.21629 0.69804 0.36727
    16.00 0.15849 0.841510 0.18834 0.72639 0.32515
    17.00 0.14125 0.858750 0.16449 0.75246 0.28826
    17.50 0.13335 0.866650 0.15387 0.76468 0.27153
    18.00 0.12589 0.874110 0.14402 0.77637 0.25584
    19.00 0.11220 0.887800 0.12638 0.79823 0.22726
    20.00 0.100000 0.900000 0.111111 0.81818 0.20202
    21.00 0.089125 0.910870 0.097846 0.83634 0.17968
    22.00 0.079433 0.920570 0.086287 0.85282 0.15987
    22.50 0.074989 0.925010 0.081069 0.86048 0.15083
    24.00 0.063096 0.936900 0.067345 0.88130 0.12670
    25.00 0.056234 0.943770 0.059585 0.89352 0.11283
    26.00 0.050119 0.949880 0.052763 0.90455 0.10049
    27.00 0.044668 0.955330 0.046757 0.91448 0.089515
    27.50 0.042170 0.957830 0.044026 0.91907 0.084490
    28.00 0.039811 0.960190 0.041416 0.92343 0.079748
    30.00 0.031623 0.968380 0.032655 0.93869 0.063309
    32.00 0.025119 0.974880 0.025766 0.95099 0.050269
    32.50 0.023714 0.976290 0.024290 0.95367 0.047454
    33.00 0.022387 0.977610 0.022900 0.95621 0.044797
    34.00 0.019953 0.980050 0.020359 0.96088 0.039921
    35.00 0.017783 0.982220 0.018105 0.96506 0.035577
    36.00 0.015849 0.984150 0.016104 0.96880 0.031706
    37.50 0.013335 0.986660 0.013515 0.97368 0.026675
    38.00 0.012589 0.987410 0.012750 0.97513 0.025183
    39.00 0.011220 0.988780 0.011348 0.97781 0.022443
    40.00 0.010000 0.990000 0.010101 0.98020 0.020002
    42.00 0.0079433 0.992060 0.0080069 0.98424 0.015888
    42.50 0.0074989 0.992500 0.0075556 0.98511 0.014999
    44.00 0.0063096 0.993690 0.0063496 0.98746 0.012620
    45.00 0.0056234 0.994380 0.0056552 0.98882 0.011247
    47.50 0.0042170 0.995780 0.0042348 0.99160 0.0084341
    48.00 0.0039811 0.996020 0.0039970 0.99207 0.0079623
    50.00 0.0031623 0.996840 0.0031723 0.99370 0.0063246
    51.00 0.0028184 0.997180 0.0028264 0.99438 0.0056368
    52.00 0.0025119 0.997490 0.0025182 0.99499 0.0050238
    54.00 0.0019953 0.998000 0.0019993 0.99602 0.0039905
    55.00 0.0017783 0.998220 0.0017815 0.99645 0.0035566
    56.00 0.0015849 0.998420 0.0015874 0.99684 0.0031698
    57.00 0.0014125 0.998590 0.0014145 0.99718 0.0028251
    60.00 0.0010000 0.999000 0.00100100 0.99800 0.0020000
    64.00 0.00063096 0.999370 0.00063136 0.99874 0.0012619
    65.00 0.00056234 0.999440 0.00056266 0.99888 0.0011247
    66.00 0.00050119 0.999500 0.00050144 0.99900 0.0010024
    68.00 0.00039811 0.999600 0.00039827 0.99200 0.0007962
    70.00 0.00031623 0.999680 0.00031633 0.99370 0.0006325
    72.00 0.00025119 0.999750 0.00025125 0.99500 0.0005024
    75.00 0.00017783 0.999820 0.00017786 0.99964 0.0003557
    76.00 0.00015849 0.999840 0.00015851 0.99968 0.0003170
    78.00 0.00012589 0.999870 0.00012591 0.99975 0.0002518
    80.00 0.00010000 0.999900 0.00010000 0.99980 0.0002000
    84.00 0.00006310 0.999940 0.00006310 0.99987 0.0001262
    85.00 0.00005623 0.999940 0.00005624 0.99989 0.0001125
    90.00 0.00003162 0.999970 0.00003162 0.99994 0.0000633
    95.00 0.00001778 0.999980 0.00001778 0.99996 0.0000356
    96.00 0.00001585 0.999980 0.00001585 0.99997 0.0000317
    100.00 0.00001000 0.999990 0.00001000 0.99998 0.0000200

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  • Decibel – Voltage, Current and Power Ratio Table

    Geplaatst op door colani Reactie
    – DB + – DB +
    Voltage
    or
    Current
    Ratio    		 Power
    Ratio    		 Voltage
    or
    Current
    Ratio    		 Power
    Ratio    		 Voltage
    or
    Current
    Ratio    		 Power
    Ratio    		 Voltage
    or
    Current
    Ratio    		 Power
    Ratio
    1.0000 1.0000 0 1.000 1.000 .4898 .2399 6.2 2.042 4.169
    .9886 .9772 .1 1.012 1.023 .4842 .2344 6.3 2.065 4.266
    .9772 .9550 .2 1.023 1.047 .4786 .2291 6.4 2.089 4.365
    .9661 .9333 .3 1.035 1.072 .4732 .2239 6.5 2.113 4.467
    .9550 .9120 .4 1.047 1.096 .4677 .2188 6.6 2.138 4.571
    .9441 .8913 .5 1.059 1.122 .4624 .2138 6.7 2.163 4.677
    .9333 .8710 .6 1.072 1.148 .4571 .2089 6.8 2.188 4.786
    .9226 .8511 .7 1.084 1.175 .4516 .2042 6.9 2.213 4.898
    .9120 .8318 .8 1.096 1.202 .4467 .1995 7.0 2.239 5.012
    .9016 .8128 .9 1.109 1.230 .4416 .1950 7.1 2.265 5.129
    .8913 .7943 1.0 1.122 1.259 .4365 .1905 7.2 2.291 5.248
    .8810 .7762 1.1 1.135 1.288 .4315 .1862 7.3 2.317 5.370
    .8710 .7586 1.2 1.148 1.318 .4266 .1820 7.4 2.344 5.495
    .8610 .7413 1.3 1.161 1.349 .4217 .1778 7.5 2.371 5.623
    .8511 .7244 1.4 1.175 1.380 .4169 .1738 7.6 2.399 5.754
    .8414 .7079 1.5 1.189 1.413 .4121 .1698 7.7 2.427 5.888
    .8318 .6918 1.6 1.202 1.445 .4074 .1660 7.8 2.455 6.026
    .8222 .6761 1.7 1.216 1.479 .4027 .1622 7.9 2.483 6.166
    .8128 .6607 1.8 1.230 1.514 .3981 .1585 8.0 2.512 6.310
    .8035 .6457 1.9 1.245 1.549 .3969 .1549 8.1 2.541 6.457
    .7943 .6310 2.0 1.259 1.585 .3890 .1514 8.2 2.570 6.607
    .7852 .6166 2.1 1.274 1.622 .3846 .1479 8.3 2.600 6.761
    .7762 .6026 2.2 1.288 1.660 .3802 .1445 8.4 2.630 6.918
    .7674 .5888 2.3 1.303 1.698 .3758 .1413 8.5 2.661 7.079
    .7586 .5754 2.4 1.318 1.738 .3715 .1380 8.6 2.692 7.244
    .7499 .5623 2.5 1.334 1.778 .3673 .1349 8.7 2.723 7.413
    .7413 .5495 2.6 1.349 1.820 .3631 .1318 8.8 2.754 7.586
    .7328 .5370 2.7 1.365 1.862 .3589 .1288 8.9 2.786 7.762
    .7244 .5248 2.8 1.380 1.905 .3548 .1259 9.0 2.818 7.943
    .7161 .5129 2.9 1.396 1.950 .3508 .1230 9.1 2.851 8.128
    .7079 .5012 3.0 1.413 1.995 .3467 .1202 9.2 2.884 8.318
    .6998 .4898 3.1 1.429 2.042 .3428 .1175 9.3 2.917 8.511
    .6918 .4786 3.2 1.445 2.089 .3388 .1148 9.4 2.951 8.710
    .6839 .4677 3.3 1.462 2.138 .3350 .1122 9.5 2.985 8.913
    .6761 .4571 3.4 1.479 2.188 .3311 .1096 9.6 3.020 9.120
    .6683 .4467 3.5 1.496 2.239 .3273 .1072 9.7 3.055 9.333
    .6607 .4365 3.6 1.514 2.291 .3236 .1047 9.8 3.090 9.550
    .6531 .4266 3.7 1.531 2.344 .3199 .1023 9.9 3.126 9.772
    .6457 .4169 3.8 1.549 2.399 .3162 .1000 10.0 3.162 10.000
    .6383 .4074 3.9 1.567 2.455 .2985 .08913 10.5 3.350 11.22
    .6310 .3981 4.0 1.585 2.512 .2818 .07943 11.0 3.548 12.59
    .6237 .3890 4.1 1.603 2.570 .2661 .07079 11.5 3.758 14.13
    .6166 .3802 4.2 1.622 2.630 .2512 .06310 12.0 3.981 15.85
    .6095 .3715 4.3 1.641 2.692 .2371 .05623 12.5 4.217 17.78
    .6026 .3631 4.4 1.660 2.754 .2239 .05012 13.0 4.467 19.95
    .5957 .3548 4.5 1.679 2.818 .2113 .04467 13.5 4.732 22.39
    .5888 .3467 4.6 1.698 2.884 .1995 .03981 14.0 5.012 25.12
    .5821 .3388 4.7 1.718 2.951 .1884 .03548 14.5 5.309 28.18
    .5754 .3311 4.8 1.738 3.020 .1778 .03162 15.0 5.623 31.62
    .5689 .3236 4.9 1.758 3.090 .1585 .02512 16.0 6.310 39.81
    .5623 .3162 5.0 1.778 3.162 .1413 .01995 17.0 7.079 50.12
    .5559 .3090 5.1 1.799 3.236 .1259 .01585 18.0 7.943 63.10
    .5495 .3020 5.2 1.820 3.311 .1122 .01259 19.0 8.913 79.43
    .5433 .2951 5.3 1.841 3.388 .1000 .01000 20.0 10.000 100.00
    .5370 .2884 5.4 1.862 3.467 .03162 .00100 30.0 31.62 1,000.00
    .5309 .2818 5.5 1.884 3.548 .01 .00010 40.0 100.00 10,000.00
    .5248 .2754 5.6 1.905 3.631 .003162 .00001 50.0 316.20 10 e5
    .5188 .2692 5.7 1.928 3.715 .001 10 e-6 60.0 1,000.00 10 e6
    .5129 .2630 5.8 1.950 3.802 .0003162 10 e-7 70.0 3,162.00 10 e7
    .5070 .2570 5.9 1.972 3.890 .0001 10 e-8 80.0 10,000.00 10 e8
    .5012 .2512 6.0 1.995 3.931 .00003162 10 e-9 90.0 31,620.00 10 e9
    .4955 .2455 6.1 2.018 4.074 10 e-5 10 e-10 100.0 10 e5 10 e10

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  • Decibels

    Geplaatst op door colani Reactie

    The number of dB by which two power outputs P1 and P2 (in Watts) may differ, is expressed by

    or in terms of volts,

    or in current,

    while power ratios are independent of source and load impedance values, voltage and current ratios in these formulas hold true only when Z1 and Z2 are equal. In circuits where these impedances differ, voltage and current ratios are expressed by,

    or,

    dB Expressed in Watts & Volts

    dB*

    Above Zero Level

    Below Zero Level

    Watts

    Volts

    Watts

    Volts

    0

    0.0010

    0.775

    0.001000

    0.7746

    1

    0.0013

    0.869

    0.000794

    0.6904

    2

    0.0016

    0.975

    0.000631

    0.6153

    3

    0.0020

    1.094

    0.000501

    0.5483

    4

    0.0025

    1.227

    0.000398

    0.4888

    5

    0.0032

    1.377

    0.000316

    0.4356

    6

    0.0040

    1.545

    0.000251

    0.3883

    7

    0.0050

    1.734

    0.000200

    0.3460

    8

    0.0063

    1.946

    0.000159

    0.3084

    9

    0.0079

    2.183

    0.000126

    0.2748

    10

    0.0100

    2.449

    0.000100

    0.2449

    11

    0.0126

    2.748

    0.0000794

    0.2183

    12

    0.0159

    3.084

    0.0000631

    0.1946

    13

    0.0200

    3.460

    0.0000501

    0.1734

    14

    0.0251

    3.882

    0.0000398

    0.1545

    15

    0.0316

    4.356

    0.0000316

    0.1377

    16

    0.0398

    4.888

    0.0000251

    0.1228

    17

    0.0501

    5.483

    0.0000200

    0.1095

    18

    0.0631

    6.153

    0.0000159

    0.0975

    19

    0.0794

    6.904

    0.0000126

    0.0869

    20

    0.1

    7.746

    1 x 10 e-5

    7.75 x 10 e -2

    30

    1.0

    24.493

    1 x 10 e-6

    2.45 x 10 e-2

    40

    10.0

    77.460

    1 x 10 e-7

    7.75 x 10 e-3

    50

    1 x 10 e +2

    244.93

    1 x 10 e-8

    2.45 x 10 e-3

    60

    1 x 10 e+3

    774.60

    1 x 10 e-9

    7.75 x 10 e-4

    70

    1 x 10 e+4

    2,449.0

    1 x 10 e-10

    2.45 x 10 e-4

    80

    1 x 10 e+5

    7,746.0

    1 x 10 e-11

    7.75 x 10 e-5

    90

    1 x 10 e+6

    24,493.0

    1 x 10 e-12

    2.45 x 10 e-5

    100

    1 x 10 e +7

    77,460.0

    1 x 10 e-13

    7.75 x 1- e-6

     

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  • Algebra

    Geplaatst op door colani Reactie

    Exponents and Radicals
    Solution of a Quadratic
    Quadratic equations in the form
    may be solved by the following:
    Transposition of Terms
    If , then , .
    If , then ,
    , , .
    If , then ,
    , , .
    If , then ,
    , ,

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  • Decimal Inches

    Geplaatst op door colani Reactie

     

    Inches X 2.540 =  Centimeters
    Inches X 1.578 X 10-5 =  Miles
    Inches X 103 =  Mils
    Inches Decimal Equivalent Millimeter Equivalent
    1/64 0.0156 0.397
    1/32 0.0313 0.794
    3/64 0.0469 1.191
    1/16 0.0625 1.588
    5/64 0.0781 1.985
    3/32 0.0938 2.381
    7/64 0.1094 2.778
    1/8 0.1250 3.175
    9/64 0.1406 3.572
    5/32 0.1563 3.969
    11/64 0.1719 4.366
    3/16 0.1875 4.762
    13/64 0.2031 5.159
    7/32 0.2188 5.556
    15/64 0.2344 5.953
    1/4 0.2500 6.350
    17/64 0.2656 6.747
    9/32 0.2813 7.144
    19/64 0.2969 7.541
    5/16 0.3125 7.937
    21/64 0.3281 8.334
    11/32 0.3438 8.731
    23/64 0.3594 9.128
    3/8 0.3750 9.525
    25/64 0.3906 9.922
    13/32 0.4063 10.319
    27/64 0.4219 10.716
    7/16 0.4375 11.112
    29/64 0.4531 11.509
    15/32 0.4688 11.906
    31/64 0.4844 12.303
    1/2 0.5000 12.700
    33/64 0.5156 13.097
    17/32 0.5313 13.494
    35/64 0.5469 13.891
    9/16 0.5625 14.287
    37/64 0.5781 14.684
    19/32 0.5938 15.081
    39/64 0.6094 15.478
    5/8 0.6250 15.875
    41/64 0.6406 16.272
    21/32 0.6563 16.669
    43/64 0.6719 17.067
    11/16 0.6875 17.463
    45/64 0.7031 17.860
    23/32 0.7188 18.238
    47/64 0.7344 18.635
    3/4 0.7500 19.049
    49/64 0.7656 19.446
    25/32 0.7813 19.842
    51/64 0.7969 20.239
    13/16 0.8125 20.636
    53/64 0.8281 21.033
    27/32 0.8438 21.430
    55/64 0.8594 21.827
    7/8 0.8750 22.224
    57/64 0.8906 22.621
    29/32 0.9063 23.018
    59/64 0.9219 23.415
    15/16 0.9375 23.812
    61/64 0.9531 24.209
    31/32 0.9688 24.606
    63/64 0.9844 25.004
    1.0 1.000 25.400

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  • Mathematical Symbols

    Geplaatst op door colani Reactie
    X or . or * Multiplied by
    ¸ or : or / Divided by
    + Positive, Plus, Add
    – Negative, Minus, Subtract
    ± Positive or Negative, Plus or Minus
    -/+ Negative or Positive, Minus or Plus
    = or :: Equals, Equal to
    º Identity
    » or @ Is Approximately Equal to
    ¹ Does Not Equal, Not Equal to
    > Is Greater Than
    > > Is Much Greater Than
    < Is Less Than
    < < Is Much Less Than
    ³ Greater Than or Equal to
    £ Less Than or Equal to
    \ Therefore
    Ð Angle
    D Increment or Decrement, Delta
    ^ Perpendicular to
    ÷ ç Parallel to
    ê n ê Absolute value of n

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