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Metric Relationships and New International Codes

Single-Layer Wound Coil Chart

Inductance, Capacitance, Reactance Charts

Table of Standard Annealed Bare Copper Wire Using American Wire Gauge (B&S)

Coil Winding Data

Ohm’s Law for A-C Circuits

D-C Meter Formulas

Common-Emitter Amplifier Circuits

Inductance, Capacitance, Reactance Charts

Using Transistors Only

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Using Transistors Only

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Geplaatst op 16 maart, 2010 21:48 door

Reactie

Metric Relationships

		The above chart shows the relation of		term watt is a basic unit). The number of
	the most used values in the American and the metric systems of notation.			steps so counted is three, and the direction was to the left. Therefore, 5.0 milliwatts is
				the equivalent of .005 watts.
		This chart also serves to quickly locate
	the decimal point in the conversion from one metric expression to another. Example: Convert 5.0 milliwatts to watts. Place the finger on milli and count the num- ber of steps from there to units (since the			Example: Convert 0.00035 microfarads to picofarads (micromicrofarads). Here the number of steps counted will be six to the right. Therefore 0.00035 microfarads is the equivalent of 350 picofarads.

New International Codes
		The gradual adoption in this country of		2.		“Kilomega” (km) has been replaced
	new international codes for metric prefixes					by “giga” (G).
	amd measurement terminology by govern-			“Hertz”. This term was recently adopted
	ment agencies, industry, technical maga- zines, book publishers and others, is slowly changing the system of measurement and evaluation codes in general use today.			in the United States but it is not represented in this handbook. It is, however, already used by some publishers in place of”cycles” in references to frequency specifications.
					The old familiar terms such as “cycles”
				(cyc), “kilocycles” (kc) and “megacycles”
		Acceptance of the new codes here, how-		(Mc), are replaced by “Hertz” (Hz),
	ever, has been slow. We have , therefore, continued to use the more familial termi- nology in this handbook with the following exceptions which appear in the metric			“kilohertz” (kHz) and “megahertz” (MHz).
					To combine two of these changes in one
	tables in the next two pages:			specification, the old term “kilomegacycles” (kMc) has become “gigahertz” (GHz).
	1.		The cumbersome term “micromicro” has been replaced by “pico”. Micro- microfarad” (µµf) now becomes “pico- farad” (pf).		Heinrich Rudolph Hertz, was born in
				Germany in 1857 and died in 1894. He was the first scientist to dect, create and measure electromagnetic waves.

📂 ELECTRONICS DATA HANDBOOK

Inductance, Capacitance, Reactance Chart

Geplaatst op 16 maart, 2010 21:46 door colani Reactie

Lees verder → Bericht ID 2435

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Geplaatst op 16 maart, 2010 21:45 door

Reactie

The chart on th opposite page provides a convenient
means of determining the unknown factors of small sized
single-layer wound r-f coils.  Values thus found so cosely
approximate those determined by measurement or
mathematical calculation as to be entirely satisfactory
for all practical purposes of experimentation, design,
and repair work.  Since in all coils of this type, the
difference between the mean and inner diameter of the
winding is so slight as to be negigible, D in all instances
may be either the mean or inner diameter as desired.
Example: Given the total number of turns, winding
length and diameter of a coil, — to find the inductance:
1.  Place a straightedge on the chart so as to form
a line intersecting the number of turns N, and the
ratio of diameter to length K, and note the point
intersected on the linear axis column.

2. Now move the straightedge so as to form a second line
which will intersect this same point on the axis column,
and the diameter D.
3. The point where this line intersects the L column indicates
the inductance of the coil in microhenries.

Example:  Given the diameter, winding length and inductance
in microhenries, — to find the number of turns;
1.  Simply reverse the process outlined above for determining
inductance.
2.  After finding the number of turns, consult the wire table on
page 35 and determine the size of the wire to be used.

The dotted lines appearing on the chart illustrate the correct
ploting of a 600 microhenry coil consisting of 100 turns of wire
wound to 51/64″ on a form 2″ in diameter.

  The direct-reading charts appearing on the following three
pages are designed for determining unknown values of
frequency, inductance, capacitance and reactance components
operating in a-f and r-f circuits.
The simplifications embodied in these charts make them
extremely useful.  The frequency range covered comprises
the frequency spectrum from 1 cycle per second up to 1000
megacycles per second.  All of the scales involved are plotted
in actual magnitudes so that no computations are required to
determine the location of the decimal point in the final result.
To make these conditions possible the frequency spectrum
has been divided into three parts:
Chart I (page 38)–Covers the range from 1 cycle to 1000
cycles.
Chart II (page 39)–From 1 kilocycle to 1000 kilocycles.
Chart III (page 40)–From 1 megacycle to 1000 megacycles.
Inductance, capacitance, reactance and frequency have been
plotted so that the reactance offered by an inductance at any
frequency may be readily determined by placing a straight-edge
across the chart connecting the know quantities.
Since X_L = X_C at resonance in most radio circuits, the charts

may also be used to find the resonant frequency of any combi-
nation of L and C.

To illustrate with a simple example, suppose the reactance
of a 0.01 uf. capacitor is desired at a frequency of 400 cycles.
Place a straight-edge across the proper chart so as to connect
the points 0.01 uf. and 400 cycles per sec. The quantity
desired is the point of intersection with the reactance scale
which is 40,000 ohms. The straight-edge also intersects the
inductance scale at 15.8 henrys indicating that this value of
inductance likewise has a reactance of 40,000 ohms at 400
cycles per sec. and furthermore, that these values of L and C
produce resonance at this frequency.

There are many practical uses for these charts. The radio
experimentor, maintenance man and engineer will find them
helpful in the rapid solution of many reactance problems.
Unusual care was exercised in laying out the various scales
in order to secure a high degree of accuracy for the charts.
Results should be obatinable which are at least as accurate
as might be secured with a ten-inch slide rule.

📂 ELECTRONICS DATA HANDBOOK

Single-Layer Wound Coil Chart

Geplaatst op 16 maart, 2010 21:44 door colani Reactie

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Geplaatst op 16 maart, 2010 21:42 door

Reactie

GAUGE	DIAMETER INCHES			AREA	WEIGHT	LENGTH	RESISTANCE AT 68° F			CURRENT CAPACITY
(AWG) or (B&S)	Min.	Nom.	Max.	Circular Mils	Pounds per M’	Feet per Lb.	Ohms per M’	Feet per Ohm	Ohms per Lb.	(Amps) Rubber Insulated
0000	.4554	.4600	.4646	211600.	640.5	1.561	.04901	20400.	.00007652	225
000	.4055	.4096	.4137	167800.	507.9	1.968	.06180	16180.	.0001217	175
00	.3612	.3648	.3684	133100.	402.8	2.482	.07793	12830.	.0001935	150
0	.3217	.3249	.3281	105500.	319.5	3.130	.09827	10180.	.0003076	125
1	.2864	.2893	.2922	83690.	253.3	3.947	.1239	8070.	.0004891	100
2	.2550	.2576	.2602	66370.	200.9	4.977	.1563	6400.	.0007778	90
3	.2271	.2294	.2317	52640.	159.3	6.276	.1970	5075.	.001237	80
4	.2023	.2043	.2063	41740.	126.4	7.914	.2485	4025.	.001966	70
5	.1801	.1819	.1837	33100.	100.2	9.980	.3133	3192	.003127	55
6	.1604	.1620	.1636	26250.	79.46	12.58	.3951	2531.	.004972	50
7	.1429	.1443	.1457	20820.	63.02	15.87	.4982	2007.	.007905	–
8	.1272	.1285	.1298	16510.	49.98	20.01	.6282	1592.	.01257	35
9	.1133	.1144	.1155	13090.	39.63	25.23	.7921	1262.	.01999	–
10	.1009	.1019	.1029	10380.	31.43	31.82	.9989	1001.	.03178	25
11	.08983	.09074	.09165	8234.	24.92	40.12	1.260	794.	.05063	–
12	.08000	.08081	.08162	6530.	19.77	50.59	1.588	629.6	.08035	20
13	.07124	.07196	.07268	5178.	15.68	63.80	2.003	499.3	.1278	–
14	.06344	.06408	.06472	4107.	12.43	80.44	2.525	396.0	.2032	15
15	.05650	.05707	.05764	3257.	9.858	101.4	3.184	314.0	.3230	–
16	.05031	.05082	.05133	2583.	7.818	127.9	4.016	249.0	.5136	6
17	.04481	.04526	.04571	2048.	6.200	161.3	5.064	197.5	.8167	–
18	.03990	.04030	.04070	1624.	4.917	203.4	6.385	156.5	1.299	3
19	.03553	.03589	.03625	1288.	3.899	256.5	8.051	124.2	2.065	–
20	.03164	.03196	.03228	1022.	3.092	323.4	10.15	98.5	3.283	–
21	.02818	.02846	.02874	810.1	2.452	407.8	12.80	78.11	5.221	–
22	.02510	.02535	.02560	642.4	1.945	514.2	16.14	61.96	8.301	–
23	.02234	.02257	.02280	509.5	1.542	648.4	20.36	49.13	13.20	–
24	.01990	.02010	.02030	404.0	1.223	817.7	25.67	38.96	20.99	–
25	.01770	.01790	.01810	320.4	.9699	1031.	32.37	30.90	33.37	–
26	.01578	.01594	.01610	254.1	.7692	1300.	40.81	24.50	53.06	–
27	.01406	.01420	.01434	201.5	.6100	1639.	51.47	19.43	84.37	–
28	.01251	.01264	.01277	159.8	.4837	2067.	64.90	15.41	134.2	–
29	.01115	.01126	.01137	126.7	.3836	2607.	81.83	12.22	213.3	–
30	.00993	.01003	.01013	100.5	.3042	3287.	103.2	9.691	339.2	–
31	.008828	.008928	.009028	79.7	.2413	4145.	130.1	7.685	539.3	–
32	.007850	.007950	.008050	63.21	.1913	5227.	164.1	6.095	857.6	–
33	.006980	.007080	.007180	50.13	.1517	6591.	206.9	4.833	1364.	–
34	.006205	.006305	.006405	39.75	.1203	8310.	260.9	3.833	2168.	–
35	.005515	.005615	.005715	31.52	.09542	10480.	329.0	3.040	3448.	–
36	.004900	.005000	.005100	25.00	.07568	13210.	414.8	2.411	5482.	–
37	.004353	.004453	.004553	19.83	.06001	16660.	523.1	1.912	8717.	–
38	.003865	.003965	.004065	15.72	.04759	21010.	659.6	1.516	13860.	–
39	.003431	.003531	.003631	12.47	.03774	26500.	831.8	1.202	22040.	–
40	.003045	.003145	.003245	9.888	.02993	33410.	1049.	0.9534	35040.	–
41	.00270	.00280	.00290	7.8400	.02373	42140.	1323.	.7559	55750.	–
42	.00239	.00249	.00259	6.2001	.01877	53270.	1673.	.5977	89120.	–
43	.00212	.00222	.00232	4.9284	.01492	67020.	2104.	.4753	141000.	–
44	.00187	.00197	.00207	3.8809	.01175	85100.	2672.	.3743	227380.	–
45	.00166	.00176	.00186	3.0976	.00938	106600.	3348.	.2987	356890.	–
46	.00147	.00157	.00167	2.4649	.00746	134040.	4207.	.2377	563900.	–
Note: Values from National Electrical Code. Note: per M’* means Per 1000 ft.

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Geplaatst op 16 maart, 2010 21:41 door

Reactie

Turns Per Inch					Coil Winding Formulas
Gauge (AWG) or (B&S)	Number Of Turns per Linear Inch				The following approximations for winding r-f coils are accurate to within approx. 1% for nearly all small air-core coils, where
Gauge (AWG) or (B&S)	Enamel	S.S.C.	D.S.C. and S.C.C.	D.C.C.
1	–	–	3.3	3.3	L = self inductance in microhenrys N = total number of turns r = mean radius in inches l= length of coil in inches b = depth of coil in inches.
2	–	–	3.8	3.6
3	–	–	4.2	4.0
4	–	–	4.7	4.5
5	–	–	5.2	5.0	single-Layer Wound Coils
6	–	–	5.9	5.6
7	–	–	6.5	6.2
8	7.6	–	7.4	7.1
9	8.6	–	8.2	7.8
10	9.6	–	9.3	8.9
11	10.7	–	10.3	9.8
12	12.0	–	11.5	10.9
13	13.5	–	12.8	12.0
14	15.0	–	14.2	13.8
15	16.8	–	15.8	14.7
16	18.9	18.9	17.9	16.4
17	21.2	21.2	19.9	18.1	Multi-Layer Wound Coils
18	23.6	23.6	22.0	19.8
19	26.4	26.4	24.4	21.8
20	29.4	29.4	27.0	23.8
21	33.1	32.7	29.8	26.0
22	37.0	36.5	34.1	30.0
23	41.3	40.6	37.6	31.6
24	46.3	45.3	41.5	35.6
25	51.7	50.4	45.6	38.6
26	58.0	55.6	50.2	41.8
27	64.9	61.5	55.0	45.0
28	72.7	68.6	60.2	48.5
29	81.6	74.8	65.4	51.8	Spiral Wound Coils
30	90.5	83.3	71.5	55.5
31	101.	92.0	77.5	59.2
32	113.	101.	83.6	62.6
33	127.	110.	90.3	66.3
34	143.	120.	97.0	70.0
35	158.	132.	104.	73.5
36	175.	143.	111.	77.0

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Geplaatst op 16 maart, 2010 21:39 door

Reactie

The fundamental Ohm’s law formulas for a-c circuits are given by:

	I = E / Z		Z = E / I
	E = IZ*		P = EIcos Ø

Where:		I = current in amperes,
		Z = impedance in Ohms,
		E = volts across,
		P = power in watts,
		Ø = phase angle in degrees.

Phase Angle
The phase angle is defined as the difference
in degrees by which current leads voltage in a
capacitive circuit, or lags voltage in an inductive
circuit, and in series circuits is equal to the
angle whose tangent is given by the ratio X/R and
is expressed by:
arc tan (X/R)
Where:
	X = the inductive or capacitive reactance in ohms,
	R = the non-reactive resistance in ohms,
of the combined resistive and reactive components
of the circuit under consideration.
Therefore:
in a purely resistive circuit, Ø = 0°
in a purely reactive circuit, Ø = 90°
and in a resonant. circuit, Ø = 0°
also when:
Ø = 0°, cos Ø = l and P = EI,*
Ø = 90°, cos Ø = 0 and P = 0.
————–
Degrees x 0.0175 = radians. 1 radian = 57.3°

Power Factor

The power-factor of any a-c circuit is equal to
the true power in watts divided by the apparent
power in volt-amperes which is equal to the
cosine of the phase angle, and is expressed by

E*I*cos Ø
p . f . = —————- = cos Ø
E*I

Where:

p.f. = the circuit load power factor,

E*I*cos Ø = the true power in watts,

E*I* = the apparent power in voltamperes,

E = the applied potential in volts

I = load current in amperes.

Therefore:

in a purely resistive circuit.

Ø = 0° and p.f. = 1

and in a reactive circuit,

Ø = 90° and p.f. = 0

and in a resonant circuit,

Ø = 0° and p.f. = 1

Ohm’s Law for D-C Circuits

The fundamental Ohm’s law formulas for

d-c circuits are given by,

 I = --- ,

I = --- ,

 R = --- ,

R = --- ,

E = I*R

P = I*E

where:

I = current in Amperes,

R = resistance in ohms,

E = potential across R in volts,

P = power in watts.

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Geplaatst op 16 maart, 2010 21:37 door

Reactie

Meter Resistance
		The d-c resistance of a milliameter or
	voltmeter movement may be determined as follows:

		1.	Connect the meter in series with a suitable battery and variable resist- ance R₁ as shown in the diagram above.
		2.	Vary R₁ until a full scale reading is obtained.
		3.	Connect another variable resistor R₁ across the meter and vary its value until a half scale reading is obtained.
		4.	Disconnect R₂ from the circuit and measure its d-c resistance.
		The meter resistance R_M is equal to the
	measured resistance of R₂.
		Caution: Be sure that R₁ has sufficient
	resistance to prevent an off scale reading of the meter. The correct value depends upon the sensitivity of meter, and voltage of the battery. The following formula can be used if the full scale current of the meter is known:
	R₁	=	voltage of the battery used

			full scale current of meter in amperes
	For safe results, use twice the value com- puted. Also, never attempt to measure the resistance of a meter with an ohmeter. To do so would in all proability result in a burned-out or severly damaged meter, since the current required for the operation of some ohmeters and bridges is far in excess of the full scale current required by the movement of the average meter you may be checking.

Ohms per Volt Rating of a Voltmeter

Where:		=	ohms per volt,
	I_fs	=	full scale current in amperes.



	R	=	shunt value in ohms,
	N	=	the new full scale reading divided
			by the original full scale reading, both being stated in the same units,
	R_M	=	meter resistance in ohms

Multi-Range Shunts


	R₁	=	intermediate or tapped shunt value
			in ohms,
	R₁₊₂	=	total resistance required for the low-
			est scale reading wanted,
	R_M	=	meter resistance in ohms,
	N	=	the new full scale reading divided
			by the original full scale reading, both being stated in the same units,

Voltage Multipliers

multiplier resistance in ohms,

E_fs

full scale reading required in volts,

I_fs

full scale current of meter in am-

peres,

R_M

meter resistance in ohms

Measuring Resistance

with Milliammeter and battery*

R_X

unknown resistance in ohms,

R_M

meter resistance in ohms, or effec-

tive meter resistance if a shunted
range is used,

I₁

current reading with switch open,

I₂

current reading with switch closed,

R_L

current limiting resistor of suffi-

cient value to keep meter reading
on scale when switch is open

*Approximately true only when current limiting
resistor is large as compared to meter resistance.

FULL SCALE CURRENT	SHUNT RESISTANCE
0-10 ma 0-50 ma 0-100 ma 0-500 ma	3.0 ohms 0.551 ohms 0.272 ohms 0.0541 ohms

Measuring Resistance–(Continued)

with Milliammeter, Battery and Known Resistor

R_X

unkown resistance in ohms,

R_Y

kown resistance in ohms,

R_M

meter resistance in ohms,

I₁

current reading with switch closed,

I₂

current reading with switch open,

with voltmeter and Battery

R_X

unkown resistance in ohms,

R_M

meter resistance in ohms, including

multiplier resistance if a multiplied
range is used,

E₁

voltmeter reading with switch closed,

E₂

voltmeter reading with switch open,

FULL SCALE VOLTAGE	MULTIPLIER RESISTANCE
0-10 volts 0-50 volts 0-100 volts 0-250 volts 0-500 volts 0-1,000 volts	10,000 ohms 50,000 ohms 100,000 ohms 250,000 ohms 500,000 ohms 1,000,000 ohms

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Geplaatst op 16 maart, 2010 21:36 door

Reactie

Using PNP Transistors

With Positive Battery Terminal Grounded	With Negative Battery Terminal Grounded
Using NPN Transistors

With Positive Battery Terminal Grounded	With Negative Battery Terminal Grounded

📂 ELECTRONICS DATA HANDBOOK

Prefix	Symbol	Power of 10	Numerical Value
tera	T	10¹²	trillion	1,000,000,000,000
		10¹¹	hundred-billion	100,000,000,000
		10¹⁰	ten-billion	10,000,000,000
giga	G	10⁹	billion	1,000,000,000
		10⁸	hundred-million	100,000,000
		10⁷	ten-million	10,000,000
mega	M	10⁶	million	1,000,000
		10⁵	hundred-thousand	100,000
myria	my	10⁴	ten-thousand	10,000
kilo	K	10³	thousand	1,000
hecto	h	10²	hundred	100
deka		10¹	ten	10
		10⁰	one	1
deci	d	10^-1	tenth	0.1
centi	c	10^-2	hundredth	0.01
milli	m	10^-3	thousandth	0.001
		10^-4	ten-thousandth	0.000 1
		10^-5	hundred-thousandth	0.000 01
micro	µ	10^-6	millionth	0.000 001
		10^-7	ten-millionth	0.000 000 1
		10^-8	hundred-millionth	0.000 000 01
nano	n	10^-9	billionth	0.000 000 001
		10^-10	ten-billionth	0.000 000 000 1
		10^-11	hundred-billionth	0.000 000 000 01
pico	p	10^-12	trillionth	0.000 000 000 001
		10^-13	ten-trillionth	0.000 000 000 000 1
		10^-14	hundred-trillionth	0.000 000 000 000 01
femto	f	10^-15	quadrillionth	0.000 000 000 000 001
		10^-16	ten-quadrillionth	0.000 000 000 000 000 1
		10^-17	hundred-quadrillionth	0.000 000 000 000 000 01
atto	a	10^-18	ten-trillionth	0.000 000 000 000 000 001

In comparing the PNP and NPN circuits

this interchange in the transistor, circuits

shown here, note that the current flow in
the components of one is completely re-
versed in the other. With the vacuum tube,
this complete interchange of current and
voltage polarities does not exist. Because of

which have no parallel in vacuum-tube
circuitry can be produced. Nevertheless,
the circuits of transistorized equipment are
still auite similar in many respects to those
of equipment employing vacuum tubes.